16 research outputs found
Some Legal Aspects of Cloud Computing Contracts
Cloud computing is a technological reality that is being widely adopted by large companies. This study discusses cloud computing and information security. It also includes some of the advantages and risks, models of system and service adopted, as well as key services offered by the providers of cloud computing. It also addresses the legal issues of cloud computing contracts, with a focus on the contracting parties, on their goal and main clauses that must be addressed in this atypical contract, among them the integrity and confidentiality of data plus information requirements for supplying information and the purpose of the content stored in the case of breach of contract
Private Law and State Paternalism: Too Much Legal Regulation of Private Life?
This article analyses the adverse effect of paternalistic attitudes adopted by the State, especially the legal regulation of private life. Often, the State has adopted certain positions, especially through the issuance of rules and legal decisions in areas where Private Law and freedom of choice has prevailed, such as private contracts. Due to a protectionist position adopted by the State, legal regulation of private life has increased. The Judiciary resolves questions that arise daily in private orbit precisely because it is considered as the only social actor able to implement its own decisions. In such a way, this study seeks to analyze the possible consequences of this state altruistic posture. It is interesting to note that such a posture is authoritative at the same time, since individuals are considered eternally vulnerable and minimizes principles of Private Law. This, ultimately, could lead from a democratic system to an authoritarian one
Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Background: Findings from early observational studies have suggested
that the intake of dietary fat might be a contributing factor in the
etiology of prostate cancer. However, the results from more recent
prospective studies do not support this hypothesis, and the possible
association between different food sources of fat and prostate cancer
risk also remains unclear.
Objective: The objectives were to assess whether intakes of dietary fat,
subtypes of fat, and fat from animal products were associated with
prostate cancer risk.
Design: This was a multicenter prospective study of 142 520 men in the
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
Dietary fat intake was estimated with the use of country-specific
validated food questionnaires. The association between dietary fat and
risk of prostate cancer was assessed by using Cox regression, stratified
by recruitment center and adjusted for height, weight, smoking,
education, marital status, and energy intake.
Results: After a median follow-up time of 8.7 y, prostate cancer was
diagnosed in 2727 men. There was no significant association between
dietary fat (total, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat
and the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat) and risk of prostate
cancer. The hazard ratio for prostate cancer for the highest versus the
lowest quintile of total fat intake was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.09; P for
trend = 0.155). There were no significant associations between prostate
cancer risk and fat from red meat, dairy products, and fish.
Conclusion: The results from this large multicenter study suggest that
there is no association between dietary fat and prostate cancer risk
NSC72521
Background: Findings from early observational studies have suggested that the intake of dietary fat might be a contributing factor in the etiology of prostate cancer. However, the results from more recent prospective studies do not support this hypothesis, and the possible association between different food sources of fat and prostate cancer risk also remains unclear. Objective: The objectives were to assess whether intakes of dietary fat, subtypes of fat, and fat from animal products were associated with prostate cancer risk. Design: This was a multicenter prospective study of 142 520 men in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Dietary fat intake was estimated with the use of country-specific validated food questionnaires. The association between dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer was assessed by using Cox regression, stratified by recruitment center and adjusted for height, weight, smoking, education, marital status, and energy intake. Results: After a median follow-up time of 8.7 y, prostate cancer was diagnosed in 2727 men. There was no significant association between dietary fat (total, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat and the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat) and risk of prostate cancer. The hazard ratio for prostate cancer for the highest versus the lowest quintile of total fat intake was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.09; P for trend = 0.155). There were no significant associations between prostate cancer risk and fat from red meat, dairy products, and fish. Conclusion: The results from this large multicenter study suggest that there is no association between dietary fat and prostate cancer risk
Dietary intake of different types and characteristics of processed meat which might be associated with cancer risk - results from the 24-hour diet recalls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
Objective: There is increasing evidence for a significant effect of
processed meat (PM) intake on cancer risk. However, refined knowledge on
how components of this heterogeneous food group are associated with
cancer risk is still missing. Here, actual data on the intake of PM
subcategories is given; within a food-based approach we considered
preservation methods, cooking methods and nutrient content for
stratification, in order to address most of the aetiologically relevant
hypotheses.
Design and setting: Standardised computerised 24-hour diet recall
interviews were collected within the framework of the European
Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a
prospective cohort study in 27 centres across 10 European countries.
Subjects: Subjects were 22 924 women and 13 031 men aged 35 - 74 years.
Results: Except for the so-called ‘health-conscious’ cohort in the UK,
energy-adjusted total PM intake ranged between 11.1 and 47.9 g day(-1)
in women and 18.8 and 88.5 g day(-1) in men. Ham, salami-type sausages
and heated sausages contributed most to the overall PM intake. The
intake of cured (addition of nitrate/nitrite) PM was highest in the
German, Dutch and northern European EPIC centres, with up to 68.8 g
day(-1) in men. The same was true for smoked PM (up to 51.8 g day(-1)).
However, due to the different manufacturing practice, the highest
average intake of NaNO2 through PM consumption was found for the Spanish
centres (5.4 mg day(-1) in men) as compared with German and British
centres. Spanish centres also showed the highest intake of NaCl-rich
types of PM; most cholesterol- and iron-rich PM was consumed in central
and northern European centres. Possibly hazardous cooking methods were
more often used for PM preparation in central and northern European
centres.
Conclusions: We applied a food-based categorisation of PM that addresses
aetiologically relevant mechanisms for cancer development and found
distinct differences in dietary intake of these categories of PM across
European cohorts. This predisposes EPIC to further investigate the role
of PM in cancer aetiology
Anthropometry, physical activity, and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Tobacco smoking is the only established risk factor for pancreatic
cancer. Results from several epidemiologic studies have suggested that
increased body mass index and/or lack of physical activity may be
associated with an increased risk of this disease. We examined the
relationship between anthropometry and physical activity recorded at
baseline and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (n = 438,405 males and females
age 19-84 years and followed for a total of 2,826,070 person-years).
Relative risks (RR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards
models stratified by age, sex, and country and adjusted for smoking and
self-reported diabetes and, where appropriate, height. In total, there
were 324 incident cases of pancreatic cancer diagnosed in the cohort
over an average of 6 years of follow-up. There was evidence that the RR
of pancreatic cancer was associated with increased height [RR, 1.74;
95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.20-2.52] for highest quartile
compared with lowest quartile (P-trend = 0.001). However, this trend was
primarily due to a low risk in the lowest quartile, as when this group
was excluded, the trend was no longer statistically significant (P =
0.27). A larger waist-to-hip ratio and waist circumference were both
associated with an increased risk of developing the disease (RR per 0.1,
1.24; 95% CI, 1.04-1.48; P-trend = 0.02 and RR per 10 cm, 1.13; 95%
CI, 1.01-1.26; P-trend = 0.03, respectively). There was a nonsignificant
increased risk of pancreatic cancer with increasing body mass index (RR,
1.09; 95% CI, 0.95-1.24 per 5 kg/m(2)), and a nonsignificant decreased
risk with total physical activity (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.50-1.35 for most
active versus inactive). Future studies should consider including
measurements of waist and hip circumference, to further investigate the
relationship between central adiposity and the risk of pancreatic
cancer
Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study
Background: Previous studies suggest that high plasma concentrations of
carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may reduce the risk of prostate
cancer.
Objective: We aimed to examine the associations between plasma
concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, a-tocopherol,
and,gamma-tocopherol and prostate cancer risk.
Design: A total of 137 001 men in 8 European countries participated.
After a mean of 6 y, 966 incident cases of prostate cancer with plasma
were available. A total of 1064 control subjects were selected and were
matched for study center, age, and date of recruitment. The relative
risk of prostate cancer was estimated by conditional logistic
regression, which was adjusted for smoking status, alcohol intake, body
mass index, marital status, physical activity, and education level.
Results: Overall, none of the micronutrients examined were significantly
associated with prostate cancer risk. For lycopene and the sum of
carotenoids, there was evidence of heterogeneity between the
associations with risks of localized and advanced disease. These
carotenoids were not associated with the risk of localized disease but
were inversely associated with the risk of advanced disease. The risk of
advanced disease for men in the highest fifth of plasma concentrations
compared with men in the lowest fifth was 0.40 (95% CI: 0. 19, 0.88)
for lycopene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0. 17, 0.78) for the sum of carotenoids.
Conclusions: We observed no associations between plasma concentrations
of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer
risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids
with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect, an
association of dietary choice with delayed detection of prostate cancer,
reverse causality, or other factors
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and lymphoma risk:results of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
<p>Background: The relation between vitamin D status and lymphoma risk is inconclusive.</p><p>Objective: We examined the association between prediagnostic plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and lymphoid cancer risk.</p><p>Design: We conducted a study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort of 1127 lymphoma cases and 1127 matched controls with a mean follow-up time of 7.1 y. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted incidence rate ratios of lymphoma risk in relation to plasma 25(OH)D. Season-standardized and season-specific 25(OH)D quartiles were used. We also analyzed 25(OH)D as a continuous variable and used predefined cutoffs.</p><p>Results: No statistically significant association between plasma 25(OH)D and overall lymphoid cancer risk was observed. A positive association for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was noted only in those with a diagnosis made during the first 2 y of follow-up (P-heterogeneity = 0.03), which suggests the possibility of reverse causality. Further analysis restricted to participants with >= 2y of follow-up time showed a significant association between 25(OH)D and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (n = 161): adjusted incidence rate ratios were 0.40 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.90; P-trend = 0.05) and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.76; P-trend = 0.03) for the top compared with the bottom season-standardized and season-specific quartiles, respectively. Data on dietary vitamin D intake provided further support for the observed association (incidence rate ratio: 0.33; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.89; P-trend = 0.006).</p><p>Conclusions: Our findings do not support a protective role of high 25(OH)D concentration in lymphoid cancers overall. However, they suggest that higher concentrations of 25(OH)D are associated with a reduced risk of CLL.</p>